Server Security

Description

Specifies the action to be taken when the specified Allowed Login Attempts limit is reached within 5 minutes.

Throttle gradually slows down the speed of the server response, Drop severs the connection without any reply, Deny returns a 403 response, and CAPTCHA or Drop redirects to a CAPTCHA if reCAPTCHA Protection is enabled and drops otherwise.

WP Login CAPTCHA Full Protection can also be selected. This setting will redirect to a CAPTCHA if ReCAPTCHA Protection is enabled regardless of Allowed Login Attempts limit and falls back to use Throttle otherwise.

Default values:
Server level: Throttle
VH level: Inherit Server level setting. If Server level is set to Disable, Throttle will be used.

Syntax

Select from drop down list

Tips

Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.
This feature is enabled by default (Throttle) and does not need any further configuration in the WebAdmin GUI or in Apache configurations.
This setting will override Apache conf WordPressProtect setting for LSWS only. Apache will be unaffected.

This can be set at the Server level and overwritten at the Virtual Host level. If not overridden at the Virtual Host level, this setting can also be overridden in a user's docroot .htaccess file using Apache configuration directive WordPressProtect with value 0 (disabled), 1 (use server level setting), throttle, deny, or drop.

Description

Specifies the maximum number of wp-login.php and xmlrpc.php POST attempts allowed by an IP within 5 minutes before the action specified in Protection Mode is taken.

This limit is handled using a quota system where remaining attempts = limit. Each POST attempt will decrease the number of remaining attempts by 1, with the number of remaining attempts increasing back to the set limit over time. An IP will be throttled once the number of remaining attempts for that IP falls to 1/2 the set limit, throttling more as the remaining attempts drops further below the 1/2 mark. When remaining attempts reaches 0, the specified action is taken toward the IP.

In addition to this, if Enable reCAPTCHA is also enabled, an additional per worker protection will be added. If wp-login.php and xmlrpc.php are visited by the same worker at a rate of 4x the set limit in a 30 second time frame, those URLs will be put into reCAPTCHA mode until the number of visits to these files decreases.

Resetting the server will clear blocked IPs.

Default values:
Server-level: 10
VH-Level: Inherit Server level setting

Syntax

Valid Range: 3 - 1000.

Example

Tips

Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.

This setting will override Apache conf WordPressProtect setting for LSWS only. Apache will be unaffected.

This can be set at the Server level and overwritten at the Virtual Host level. If not overridden at the Virtual Host level, this setting can also be overridden in a user's docroot .htaccess file using Apache configuration directive WordPressProtect with integer value between 3 and 1000.

Description

Specifies whether to enable request content deep inspection. This feature is equivalent to Apache's mod_security, which can be used to detect and block requests with ill intention by matching them to known signatures.

Syntax

Select from radio box

Description

Specifies the level of detail of the Web Application Firewall engine's debug output. This value ranges from 0 - 9. 0 disables logging. 9 produces the most detailed log. The the server and virtual host's error log Log Level must be set to at least INFO for this option to take effect. This is useful when testing request filtering rules.

Syntax

Integer number

See Also

Server Log Level, Virtual Host Log Level

Description

Specifies the default actions that should be taken when a censoring rule is met. Default value is deny,log,status:403, which means to deny access with status code 403 and log the incident in the error log.

See Also

Rule Set Action

Description

Specifies whether to check the body of an HTTP POST request. Default is "No".

Syntax

Select from radio box

Description

Temporary directory where files being uploaded to server will be stored while request body parser is working. Default value is /tmp.

Syntax

Absolute path or path starting with $SERVER_ROOT (for Server and VHost levels).

Description

Global setting determining file permissions used for files stored in the Temporary File Path directory.

Syntax

3 digits octet number. Default value is 666.

Description

Disable turning off mod_security engine in .htaccess. This is a global setting only available at the server level. Default is "No".

Syntax

Select from radio box

Description

Specifies whether to enable audit logging and in what format (Native, JSON, or Pretty JSON). This feature is equivalent to Apache's mod_security audit engine.

If this setting is enabled and the Security Audit Log setting is set, detailed request information will be saved.

Syntax

Select from drop down list

See Also

Security Audit Log

Description

Specifies the path of the security audit log, which gives more detailed information. This extra information can be useful if, for example, you wish to track the actions of a particular user. Use Enable Security Audit Log to turn on the logging.

Syntax

Filename which can be an absolute path or a relative path to $SERVER_ROOT.

See Also

Enable Security Audit Log

Description

Use RE2 when evaluating regular expressions instead of PCRE.

Default value: No

Syntax

Select from radio box

Tips

While PCRE provides more features than RE2, RE2 allows for a defined maximum memory usage and has a more predictable runtime than PCRE making it more suited for use in server applications.
Unlike PCRE, RE2 uses a fixed stack and guarantees that run-time increases linearly (not exponentially) with the size of the input.

Description

Rules configured here only work for virtual hosts configured with a native LSWS configuration, not for virtual hosts using Apache httpd.conf.

Description

Give a group of censorship rules a name. For display only.

Syntax

String

Description

Specifies the actions that should be taken when a censoring rule in current ruleset is met. If not set, Default Action will be used.

Syntax

String. This action string uses the same syntax as Apache's mod_security SecDefaultAction directive .

Description

Specifies whether to enable this rule set. With this option, a rule set can be quickly turned on and off without adding or removing the rule set. Default is "Yes".

Syntax

Select from radio box

Description

Specifies a list of censorship rules.

If you are using an Apache config file, you have to set up rules in httpd.conf. Rules defined here will have no effect.

Syntax

String. Syntax of censoring rules follows that of Apache's mod_security directives. "SecFilter", "SecFilterSelective", and "SecRule" can be used here. You can copy and paste security rules from an Apache configuration file.

For more details about rule syntax, please refer to the Mod Security documentation.

Tips

Rules configured here only work for vhosts configured in native LSWS configuration, not for vhosts from Apache httpd.conf.

Description

These are connection control settings are based on client IP. These settings help to mitigate DoS (Denial of Service) and DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks.

Description

Specifies the maximum number of requests to static content coming from a single IP address that can be processed in a single second regardless of the number of connections established.

When this limit is reached, all future requests are tar-pitted until the next second. Request limits for dynamically generated content are independent of this limit. Per-client request limits can be set at server- or virtual host-level. Virtual host-level settings override server-level settings.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.

See Also

Dynamic Requests/Second

Description

Specifies the maximum number of requests to dynamically generated content coming from a single IP address that can be processed in each second regardless of the number of connections established. When this limit is reached, all future requests to dynamic content are tar-pitted until the next second.

The request limit for static content is independent of this limit. This per client request limit can be set at server or virtual host level. Virtual host-level settings override server-level settings.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not restrained by this limit.

See Also

Static Requests/Second

Description

The maximum allowed outgoing throughput to a single IP address, regardless of the number of connections established. The real bandwidth may end up being slightly higher than this setting for efficiency reasons. Bandwidth is allocated in 4KB units. Set to 0 to disable throttling. Per-client bandwidth limits (bytes/sec) can be set at the server or virtual host level where virtual host level settings override server level settings.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Set the bandwidth in 8KB units for better performance.

Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.

See Also

Inbound Bandwidth (bytes/sec)

Description

The maximum allowed incoming throughput from a single IP address, regardless of the number of connections established. The real bandwidth may end up being slightly higher than this setting for efficiency reasons. Bandwidth is allocated in 1KB units. Set to 0 to disable throttling. Per-client bandwidth limits (bytes/sec) can be set at the server or virtual host level where virtual host level settings override server level settings.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.

See Also

Outbound Bandwidth (bytes/sec)

Description

Specifies the soft limit of concurrent connections allowed from one IP. This soft limit can be exceeded temporarily during Grace Period (sec) as long as the number is below the Connection Hard Limit, but Keep-Alive connections will be closed as soon as possible until the number of connections is lower than the limit. If number of connections is still over the limit after the Grace Period (sec), that IP will be blocked for the Banned Period (sec).

For example, if a page contains many small graphs, the browser may try to set up many connections at same time, especially for HTTP/1.0 clients. You would want to allow those connections for a short period.

HTTP/1.1 clients may also set up multiple connections to speed up downloading and SSL requires separate connections from non-SSL connections. Make sure the limit is set properly, as not to adversely affect normal service. The recommended limit is between 5 and 10.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

A lower number will enable serving more distinct clients.
Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.
Set to a high value when you are performing benchmark tests with a large number of concurrent client machines.

Description

Specifies the maximum number of allowed concurrent connections from a single IP address. This limit is always enforced and a client will never be able to exceed this limit. HTTP/1.0 clients usually try to set up as many connections as they need to download embedded content at the same time. This limit should be set high enough so that HTTP/1.0 clients can still access the site. Use Connection Soft Limit to set the desired connection limit.

The recommended limit is between 20 and 50 depending on the content of your web page and your traffic load.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

A lower number will enable serving more distinct clients.
Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected.
Set to a high value when you are performing benchmark tests with a large number of concurrent client machines.

Description

Block IPs that keep sending badly-formated HTTP requests for the Banned Period (sec). Default is Yes. This helps to block botnet attacks that repeatedly sending junk requests.

Syntax

Select from radio box

Description

Specifies how long new connections can be accepted after the number of connections established from one IP is over the Connection Soft Limit. Within this period, new connections will be accepted if the total connections is still below the Connection Hard Limit. After this period has elapsed, if the number of connections still higher than the Connection Soft Limit, then the offending IP will be blocked for the Banned Period (sec).

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Set to a proper number big enough for downloading a complete page but low enough to prevent deliberate attacks.

Description

Specifies how long new connections will be rejected from an IP if, after the Grace Period (sec) has elapsed, the number of connections is still more than the Connection Soft Limit. If IPs are getting banned repeatedly, we suggest that you increase your banned period to stiffen the penalty for abuse.

Syntax

Integer number

Description

Specifies the server-level default setting of following symbolic links when serving static files.

Choices are Yes, If Owner Match and No.

Yes sets the server to always follow symbolic links. If Owner Match sets the server to follow a symbolic link only if the owner of the link and of the target are same. No means the server will never follow a symbolic link. This setting can be overridden in the virtual host configurations but cannot be overridden from an .htaccess file.

Syntax

Select from drop down list

Tips

For best security select No or If Owner Match. For best performance, select Yes.

See Also

Check Symbolic Link.

Description

Specifies whether to check symbolic links against Access Denied Directories when Follow Symbolic Link is turned on. If enabled, the canonical real path of the resource referred by a URL will be checked against the configurable access denied directories. Access will be denied if it falls inside an access denied directory.

Syntax

Select from radio box

Tips

For best security, enable this option. For best performance, disable it.

See Also

Follow Symbolic Link, Access Denied Directories

Description

Specifies whether to enforce strict file ownership checking. If it is enabled, the web server will check if the owner of the file being served is the same as the owner of the virtual host. If it is different, a 403 Access Denied Error will be returned. This is turned off by default.

Syntax

Select from radio box

Tips

For shared hosting, enable this check for better security.

Description

Specifies the required permission mask for static files that the server will serve. For example, if only files that are readable by everyone can be served, set the value to 0004. See man 2 stat for all values.

Syntax

octal numbers

See Also

Restricted Permission Mask.

Description

Specifies the restricted permission mask for static files that the server will not serve. For example, to prohibit serving files that are executable, set the mask to 0111.

See man 2 stat for all values.

Syntax

octal numbers

See Also

Required Permission Mask.

Description

Specifies the restricted permission mask for script files that the server will not serve. For example, to prohibit serving PHP scripts that are group and world writable, set the mask to 022. Default value is 000.

See man 2 stat for all values.

Syntax

octal numbers

See Also

Script Directory Restricted Permission Mask.

Description

Specifies the restricted permission mask of parent directories of script files that the server will not serve. For example, to prohibit serving PHP scripts in a directory that is group and world writable, set the mask to 022. Default value is 000. This option can be used to prevent serving scripts under a directory of uploaded files.

See man 2 stat for all values.

Syntax

octal numbers

See Also

Script Restricted Permission Mask.

Description

The following settings control CGI processes. Memory and process limits also serve as the default for other external applications if limits have not been set explicitly for those applications.

Description

A unique socket address used to communicate with the CGI daemon. LiteSpeed server uses a standalone CGI daemon to spawn CGI scripts for best performance and security. If you need to change this location, specify a Unix domain socket here.

Default value: uds://$SERVER_ROOT/admin/lscgid/.cgid.sock

Syntax

UDS://path

Example

Description

Specifies the maximum number of concurrent CGI processes the server can start. For each request to a CGI script, the server needs to start a standalone CGI process. On a Unix system, the number of concurrent processes is limited. Excessive concurrent processes will degrade the performance of the whole system and are one way to perform a DoS attack. LiteSpeed server pipelines requests to CGI scripts and limits concurrent CGI processes to ensure the optimal performance and reliability. The hard limit is 2000.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

A higher limit does not necessarily translate to faster performance. In most cases, a lower limit gives better performance and security. A higher limit will only help when I/O latency is excessive during CGI processing.

Description

Specifies the minimum user ID allowed to run external applications when running as a specified user. Execution of an external script with a user ID lower than the value specified here will be denied.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Set it high enough to exclude all system/privileged users.

Description

Specifies the minimum group ID allowed to run external applications when running as a specified group. Execution of an external script with a group ID lower than the value specified here will be denied.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Set it high enough to exclude all groups used by system users.

Description

Specifies a group ID to be used for all external applications started in suEXEC mode. When set to non-zero value, all suEXEC external applications (CGI/FastCGI/LSAPI) will use this group ID. This can be used to prevent an external application from accessing files owned by other users.

For example, in a shared hosting environment, LiteSpeed runs as user "www-data", group "www-data". Each docroot is owned by a user account, with a group of "www-data" and permission mode 0750. If Force GID is set to "nogroup" (or any group other than 'www-data'), all suEXEC external applications will run as a particular user but in the group "nogroup". These external application processes will still be able to access files owned by that particular user (because of their user ID), but will not have group permission to access anyone else's files. The server, on the other hand, still can serve files under any user's docroot directory (because of its group ID).

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Set it high enough to exclude all groups used by system users.

Description

Sets default umask for CGI processes. See man 2 umask for details. This also serves as the default value for external applications umask.

Syntax

value valid range [000]-[777].

See Also

ExtApp umask

Description

Specifies priority of the external application process. Value ranges from -20 to 20. A lower number means a higher priority.

A CGI process cannot have a higher priority than the web server. If this priority is set to a lower number than the server's, the server's priority will be used for this value.

Syntax

int

See Also

Server Priority

Description

Specifies CPU consumption time limit in seconds for a CGI process. When the process reaches the soft limit, it will be notified by a signal. The operating system's default setting will be used if the value is absent or set to 0.

Syntax

Integer number

Description

Specifies maximum CPU consumption time limit in seconds for a CGI process. If the process continues to consume CPU time and reach the hard limit, the process will be force killed. The operating system's default setting will be used if the value is absent or set to 0.

Syntax

Integer number

Description

Specifies the memory consumption limit in bytes for an external application process or an external application started by the server.

The main purpose of this limit is to prevent excessive memory usage because of software bugs or intentional attacks, not to impose a limit on normal usage. Make sure to leave enough head room, otherwise your application may fail and 503 error may be returned. It can be set at the server- level or at an individual external application level. The server-level limit will be used if it is not set at the individual application level.

The operating system's default setting will be used if the value is absent at both levels or set to 0.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Do not over adjust this limit. This may result in 503 errors if your application needs more memory.

Description

Much the same as Memory Soft Limit (bytes), except the soft limit can be raised up to the hard limit from within a user process. The hard limit can be set at server level or at an individual external application level. The server-level limit will be used if it is not set at an individual application level.

The operating system's default will be used if the value is absent at both levels or set to 0.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

Do not over adjust this limit. This may result in 503 errors if your application need more memory.

Description

Limits the total number of processes that can be created on behalf of a user. All existing processes will be counted against this limit, not just new processes to be started.

The limit can be set at the server level or at an individual external application level. The server-level limit will be used if it is not set at an individual application level. The operating system's default setting will be used if this value is 0 or absent at both levels.

Syntax

Integer number

Tips

To control how many processes LSWS will make for users in mod_suEXEC mode, use the suEXEC Max Conn setting. PHP scripts can call for forking processes and the number of processes needed for normal functioning can be above the suEXEC Max Conn setting. The main purpose of this limit is as a last line of defense to prevent fork bombs and other attacks caused by PHP processes creating other processes.

Setting this setting too low can severely hurt functionality. The setting will thus be ignored below certain levels.

When Run On Start Up is set to "Yes (Daemon mode)", the actual process limit will be higher than this setting to make sure parent processes are not limited.

Description

Much the same as Process Soft Limit, except the soft limit can be raised up to the hard limit from within a user process. The hard limit can be set at the server level or at an individual external application level. The server-level limit will be used if it is not set at an individual application level. The operating system's default value will be used if the value is absent at both levels or set to 0.

Syntax

Integer number

Description

Apply cgroup settings to this CGI process if supported by the current OS. At this time, RedHat/Centos Linux v7.5+ and Ubuntu 18.04+ are supported. The currently executing user will be used to determine which cgroup configuration to apply.

Setting this to Disabled at the Server level will disable this setting server-wide. In all other cases, the Server level setting can be overridden at the Virtual Host level.

Default values:
Server level: Off
VH level: Inherit Server level setting

Syntax

Select from drop down list

Description

reCAPTCHA Protection is a service provided as a way to mitigate heavy server load. reCAPTCHA Protection will activate after one of the below situations is hit. Once active, all requests by NON TRUSTED(as configured) clients will be redirected to a reCAPTCHA validation page. After validation, the client will be redirected to their desired page.

The following situations will activate reCAPTCHA Protection:
1. The server or vhost concurrent requests count passes the configured connection limit.
2. Anti-DDoS is enabled and a client is hitting a url in a suspicious manner. The client will redirect to reCAPTCHA first instead of getting denied when triggered.
3. WordPress Brute Force Attack Protection is enabled and action is set to 'CAPTCHA or Drop’. When a brute force attack is detected, the client will redirect to reCAPTCHA first. After max tries is reached, the connection will be dropped, as per the ‘drop’ option.
4. WordPress Brute Force Attack Protection is enabled and action is set to 'WP Login CAPTCHA Full Protection'. The client will always redirect to reCAPTCHA first.
5. A new rewrite rule environment is provided to activate reCAPTCHA via RewriteRules. 'verifycaptcha' can be set to redirect clients to reCAPTCHA. A special value ': deny' can be set to deny the client if it failed too many times. For example, [E=verifycaptcha] will always redirect to reCAPTCHA until verified. [E=verifycaptcha: deny] will redirect to reCAPTCHA until Max Tries is hit, after which the client will be denied.

Description

Enable the reCAPTCHA Protection feature at the current level. This setting must be set to Yes at the Server level before the reCAPTCHA Protection feature can be used.

Default values:
Server-level: No
VH-Level: Inherit Server level setting

Syntax

Select from radio box

Description

The site key is the public key provided by Google via its reCAPTCHA service. A default Site Key will be used if not set.

Description

The secret key is the private key provided by Google via its reCAPTCHA service. A default Secret Key will be used if not set.

Description

Specify the reCAPTCHA type to use with the key pairs. If a key pair has not been provided and this setting is set to Not Set, a default key pair of type Invisible will be used.
Checkbox will display a checkbox reCAPTCHA for the visitor to validate.
Invisible will attempt to validate the reCAPTCHA automatically and if successful, will redirect to the desired page.

Default value is Invisible.

Syntax

Select from drop down list

Description

Automatic reCAPTCHA sensitivity. The higher the value, the more likely reCAPTCHA Protection will be used. A value of 0 is equivalent to "Off" while a value of 100 is equivalent to "Always On".

Default values:
Server level: 0
Virtual Host level: Inherit Server level setting

Syntax

Integer value between 0 and 100.

Description

Max Tries specifies the maximum number of reCAPTCHA attempts permitted before denying the visitor.

Default value is 3.

Syntax

Integer number

Description

Sets the expire time of a successful reCAPTCHA submission, after which reCAPTCHA protection will re-trigger for that visitor.

Default value: 86,400 (1 day).

Syntax

Integer value between 30 and 31,536,000 (1 year).

Description

Number of hits per 10 seconds to allow ‘good bots’ to pass. Bots will still be throttled when the server is under load.

Default value is 3.

Syntax

Integer number

Description

List of custom user agents to allow access. Will be subject to the ‘good bots’ limitations, including allowedRobotHits.

Syntax

List of user agents, one per line. Regex is supported.

Description

Set to On if you wish to start CGI processes (including PHP programs) in a bubblewrap sandbox. See https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Bubblewrap for details on using bubblewrap. Bubblewrap must be installed on your system prior to using this setting.

This setting cannot be turned on at the Virtual Host level if set to "Disabled" at the Server level.

Default values:
Server level: Disabled
VH level: Inherit Server level setting

Syntax

Select from drop down list

Description

The full bubblewrap use command, including the bubblewrap program itself. More on configuring this command can be found here: https://docs.litespeedtech.com/products/lsws/bubblewrap . If not specified, the default command listed below will be used.

Default value: /bin/bwrap --ro-bind /usr /usr --ro-bind /lib /lib --ro-bind-try /lib64 /lib64 --ro-bind /bin /bin --ro-bind /sbin /sbin --dir /var --dir /tmp --proc /proc --symlink ../tmp var/tmp --dev /dev --ro-bind-try /etc/localtime /etc/localtime --ro-bind-try /etc/ld.so.cache /etc/ld.so.cache --ro-bind-try /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf --ro-bind-try /etc/ssl /etc/ssl --ro-bind-try /etc/pki /etc/pki --ro-bind-try /etc/man_db.conf /etc/man_db.conf --ro-bind-try /home/$USER /home/$USER --bind-try /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock --bind-try /home/mysql/mysql.sock /home/mysql/mysql.sock --bind-try /tmp/mysql.sock /tmp/mysql.sock --unshare-all --share-net --die-with-parent --dir /run/user/$UID ‘$PASSWD 65534’ ‘$GROUP 65534’

Description

Specifies directories that should be blocked from access. Add directories that contain sensitive data to this list to prevent accidentally exposing sensitive files to clients. Append a "*" to the path to include all sub-directories. If both Follow Symbolic Link and Check Symbolic Link are enabled, symbolic links will be checked against the denied directories.

Syntax

Comma-delimited list of directories

Tips

Of critical importance: This setting only prevents serving static files from these directories. This does not prevent exposure by external scripts such as PHP/Ruby/CGI.

Description

Specifies what sub networks and/or IP addresses can access the server. At the server level, this setting will affect all virtual hosts. You can also set up access control unique to each virtual host at the virtual host level. Virtual host level settings will NOT override server level settings.

Blocking/Allowing an IP is determined by the combination of the allowed list and the denied list. If you want to block only certain IPs or sub-networks, put * or ALL in the Allowed List and list the blocked IPs or sub-networks in the Denied List. If you want to allow only certain IPs or sub-networks, put * or ALL in the Denied List and list the allowed IPs or sub-networks in the Allowed List. The setting of the smallest scope that fits for an IP will be used to determine access.

Server Level: Trusted IPs or sub-networks must be specified in the Allowed List by adding a trailing "T". Trusted IPs or sub-networks are not affected by connection/throttling limits. Only server level access control can set up trusted IPs/sub-networks.

Tips

Use this at the server level for general restrictions that apply to all virtual hosts.

Description

Specifies the list of IPs or sub-networks allowed. * or ALL are accepted.

Syntax

Comma delimited list of IP addresses or sub-networks. A trailing "T" can be used to indicate a trusted IP or sub-network, such as 192.168.1.*T.

Example

Tips

Trusted IPs or sub-networks set at the server level access control will be excluded from connection/throttling limits.

Description

Specifies the list of IPs or sub-networks disallowed.

Syntax

Comma delimited list of IP addresses or sub-networks. * or ALL are accepted.

Example